In my unusual case, I had a custom AuthorizeAttribute attached to my controllers which was attempting to redirect on a child action, which is (as mentioned above) not allowed.
To resolve the issue, I removed authorisation checking redirection on all child actions:
Public Overrides Sub OnAuthorization(filterContext As AuthorizationContext) //Child actions cannot redirect anyway, so no need to check permissions. If filterContext.IsChildAction Then Exit Sub .. parent authorisation checks ..